The Artificial Intelligence (AI) landscape in India is growing rapidly. The country is now being recognized as OpenAI's second-largest market by users, which massively underscores the widespread adoption and interest in AI technologies.
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But with rapid adoption comes pressing concerns—ethics, privacy, and security are at the forefront, making a strong regulatory framework essential.
In this article, we'll be looking at how AI and digital advancements are influencing India’s regulatory landscape, the key challenges involved, and the steps being taken to ensure AI is deployed responsibly.
Understanding AI Guidelines – Get a clear overview of India’s AI policies in our free PDF.
The Current AI Regulatory Landscape in India
As of February 2025, India does not have a dedicated law exclusively governing AI. Instead, the regulatory environment consists of policies, guidelines, and sector-specific regulations that collectively address different aspects of AI deployment.
In 2018, the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) released the "National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence," aiming to position India as a global leader in AI. This strategy emphasizes the adoption of AI in key sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities, and smart mobility. It also highlights the importance of research and development, workforce reskilling, and the establishment of infrastructure to support AI innovation.1,2
In 2021, NITI Aayog published the "Principles for Responsible AI," outlining ethical standards such as safety, inclusivity, privacy, and accountability. This document outlines guidelines focusing on transparency, accountability, privacy, and security in AI applications. It serves as a foundational framework for organizations developing or deploying AI systems, emphasizing the consideration of ethical implications throughout the AI lifecycle.2,3
Similarly, recognizing the critical role of data in AI systems, the Indian government more recently enacted the Digital Personal Data Protection Act in 2023. This legislation provides a comprehensive framework for the processing of personal data, emphasizing individual rights, consent mechanisms, and obligations for data fiduciaries. While not exclusively focused on AI, the Act addresses data privacy concerns that are integral to AI applications, making certain that personal data used in AI systems is handled responsibly.2,3
The government has also opted to introduce some sector-specific guidelines to regulate AI applications pertinent to their domains. These guidelines aim to address industry-specific risks while ensuring AI-driven innovations comply with ethical and legal standards. They also help in fostering trust among stakeholders by establishing clear accountability and governance mechanisms.
For instance, in the finance sector, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) issued a circular in January 2019 that mandated reporting requirements for AI and machine learning (ML) applications used by market participants. This initiative enhances transparency and helps manage AI's impact on financial markets..1
In the healthcare sector, the National Digital Health Mission set standards to ensure the reliability and safety of AI-driven healthcare systems, including protocols for data handling, patient consent, and the validation of AI-powered diagnostic tools.1
India's approach to AI regulation is described as "pro-innovation," aiming to unlock AI's potential while addressing anticipated risks. The government is balancing between a hands-off approach and more direct intervention. Currently, the focus is on developing policies and guidelines that acknowledge ethical concerns and risks, rather than enacting binding AI-specific laws.
Key AI Regulation Challenges in India
The integration of AI into India’s socio-economic landscape brings several regulatory challenges that demand careful attention. Addressing these issues requires collaboration between policymakers, industry leaders, and the public to develop regulatory frameworks that prioritize ethics and transparency.
- Ethical and Bias Concerns: AI systems can inherit biases from the data they are trained on, leading to discriminatory outcomes in critical areas such as hiring, lending, and law enforcement. Ensuring fairness and minimizing bias requires clear guidelines for data collection, algorithm design, and ongoing monitoring to detect and correct any disparities.1,3
- Data Privacy and Security: AI’s reliance on vast amounts of data raises serious concerns about privacy and security. To maintain public trust and comply with legal standards, it’s essential to implement strong data protection measures, establish clear data usage policies, and ensure users give informed consent when their data is collected and processed.1,3
- Lack of Standardization: The absence of standardized protocols for AI development and deployment leads to inconsistencies in quality, safety, and ethical practices across industries. Establishing common standards and best practices is key to improving interoperability, reliability, and responsible AI usage.1,3
- Skill Gap: India faces a shortage of professionals skilled in AI technologies. Bridging this gap requires investments in education, specialized training programs, and stronger collaboration between academia and industry. These efforts will be crucial for building a sustainable AI ecosystem and ensuring a well-equipped workforce.1
- Regulatory Overreach vs. Innovation: Striking the right balance between regulation and innovation is challenging. Overregulation can stifle progress, while underregulation may lead to ethical concerns and public harm. Policymakers must craft regulations that encourage innovation while upholding ethical standards, which calls for continuous dialogue among government bodies, industry players, and civil society. Effective AI regulation in India will require ongoing adaptation as technology evolves. By prioritizing ethics, security, and collaboration, the country can create a framework that supports both innovation and public interest.1,2
Ethics of AI: Challenges and Governance
How India’s AI Regulation Compares to Global Standards
India’s AI regulatory framework shares common ground with global principles while addressing its own national priorities. Unlike the EU’s AI Act, which enforces strict accountability and uniformity across industries, India’s approach emphasizes adaptability—balancing innovation with compliance.
At the core of this approach are India's "Principles for Responsible AI," which align with international guidelines by prioritizing transparency, accountability, and fairness. This alignment not only fosters international collaboration but also strengthens India's position as a responsible player in the global AI landscape..4
A key element of responsible AI governance is data protection. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act of 2023 mirrors the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in its focus on individual consent and data rights but is tailored to India’s needs, addressing challenges like digital literacy and accessibility.3,5
Upcoming AI Regulations in India: What’s Changing?
India’s focus on Sovereign AI reflects its push for self-sufficiency in AI development. By building indigenous AI capabilities, India aims to create locally relevant AI solutions while reducing reliance on foreign technologies—an approach that supports both economic growth and national security.
To support responsible AI adoption, the Indian government is actively redefining its regulatory framework. In January 2025, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology announced the IndiaAI Safety Institute, which will establish AI safety standards in collaboration with academic institutions and industry partners.
Similarly, at the legislative level, the upcoming Digital India Act is set to replace the Information Technology Act of 2000, introducing AI-specific provisions related to algorithmic accountability, consumer rights, and regulatory oversight.
Recognizing that AI impacts different sectors in distinct ways, the government is also working on sector-specific AI policies for industries such as banking, healthcare, and education. These policies aim to mitigate industry-specific risks while fostering innovation.3,5
Understanding AI Guidelines – Get a clear overview of India’s AI policies in our free PDF. If you found this insightful, download the full guide!
How to Prepare for Regulatory Changes
Organizations operating in AI-driven industries must proactively prepare for regulatory changes to achieve compliance and mitigate risks. However, navigating AI regulations doesn’t have to be daunting. Here’s how organizations can stay ahead of the curve:
- Think Ethically from the Start: Build AI systems that align with India’s responsible AI principles, focusing on fairness and transparency.
- Stay on Top of Compliance: Create dedicated teams and use AI governance tools to track evolving regulatory requirements.
- Get Data Practices in Order: Strengthen security measures, limit unnecessary data collection, and ensure proper consent mechanisms.
- Engage with Policymakers: Actively participate in discussions with regulators, industry bodies, and AI research institutions to help shape fair policies.
- Train Your People: Provide ongoing education on AI regulations so employees understand the legal and ethical landscape.
Want to Learn More About AI Regulation?
AI regulation is a constantly evolving field, and staying informed is key. Whether you’re a business leader, developer, or policymaker, understanding AI laws and ethical guidelines can help you navigate the landscape effectively.
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References and Further Reading
- Chatterjee, S. (2020). AI strategy of India: policy framework, adoption challenges and actions for government. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy. Vol. 14 No. 5, pp. 757-775. DOI:10.1108/TG-05-2019-0031. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/tg-05-2019-0031/full/html
- Bharati, R. (2024). Navigating the Legal Landscape of Artificial Intelligence: Emerging Challenges and Regulatory Framework in India. SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.4898536. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4898536
- Siva Vignesh S.K.V. et al. (2024). Legal Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in India’s Cyber Law Framework: Examining Data Privacy and Algorithmic Accountability Via a Comparative Global Perspective. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 6(6). DOI:10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i06.31347. https://www.ijfmr.com/research-paper.php?id=31347
- Bhalla, N. et al. (2024). Ensuring a ‘Responsible’ AI future in India: RRI as an approach for identifying the ethical challenges from an Indian perspective. AI Ethics 4, 1409–1422. DOI:10.1007/s43681-023-00370-w. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43681-023-00370-w
- Joshi, D. (2024). AI governance in India – law, policy and political economy. Communication Research and Practice, 1–12. DOI:10.1080/22041451.2024.2346428. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22041451.2024.2346428
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